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Thallium selenite
CASRN 12039-52-0
Contents
0115
Thallium selenite; CASRN 12039-52-0
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only
after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health
scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and
Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a
consensus reached in the review process. Background information and
explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are
provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Thallium selenite
File On-Line 01/31/1987
Category (section) Status Last Revised
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------
Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) withdrawn 07/01/1996
Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) no data
Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) on-line 09/01/1990
_I. CHRONIC HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR NONCARCINOGENIC EFFECTS
__I.A. REFERENCE DOSE FOR CHRONIC ORAL EXPOSURE (RfD)
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
The Oral RfD for this substance has been withdrawn by the RfD/RfC Work
Group. An inadequate data file is in preparation.
Agency Work Group Review -- 08/05/1985, 04/21/1988, 03/22/1989, 07/22/1993
EPA Contacts:
Please contact the Risk Information Hotline for all questions concerning this
assessment or IRIS, in general, at (513)569-7254 (phone), (513)569-7159 (FAX)
or RIH.IRIS@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV (internet address).
__I.B. REFERENCE CONCENTRATION FOR CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE (RfC)
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
Not available at this time.
_II. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT FOR LIFETIME EXPOSURE
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
Last Revised -- 09/01/1990
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic
assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of
the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative
estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The
quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is
the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is
presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative
estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m
air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water
or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1
in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity
information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986
(EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries
developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated
(Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to
Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other
than carcinogenicity.
__II.A. EVIDENCE FOR CLASSIFICATION AS TO HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY
___II.A.1. WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CLASSIFICATION
Classification -- D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
Basis -- Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans.
___II.A.2. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA
Inadequate. Medical records for 86 workers (sex and length of employment
not reported) occupationally exposed to thallium at a magnesium seawater
battery factory and 79 unexposed workers matched for age, length of
employment, shift pattern, and type of work were examined (Marcus, 1985). No
increase in incidence of benign neoplasms (site not specified) were observed.
This study is limited by the examination of medical records only, lack of
exposure quantitation, the small cohort, and unknown length of observation.
In another study, the health effects associated with exposure to thallium
in 128 men (age 16 to 62 years) exposed for 1 to 42 years (average=19.5 years)
in three cement manufacturing plants were reported (Schaller et al., 1980).
Analyses of roasted pyrites and electro-filter dust confirmed the presence of
thallium in various production areas in the plants. Urinary thallium was
elevated in the workers. The health evaluation, consisting of a medical
history and a physical exam, did not show any indication of thallium
poisoning. However, this health evaluation was not adequate to detect any
oncogenic response.
___II.A.3. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA
None. Several subchronic and chronic animal studies on thallium and
compounds are available; however, they were not designed to examine
carcinogenic endpoints (reviewed in U.S. EPA, 1988).
___II.A.4. SUPPORTING DATA FOR CARCINOGENICITY
Thallium (I) salts were not mutagenic in reverse mutation assays using
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535,and TA1538 and Escherichia
coli strains B/r WP2 try and WP2 hcr try; use of hepatic homogenates was not
specified (Kanematsu et al., 1980). Positive results were obtained at 0.001M
for thallium nitrate in the Rec assay using Bacillus subtilis strains H17 and
M45; use of hepatic homogenates was not specified (Kanematsu\et\al., 1980;
Kada et al., 1980). Negative results were obtained in a screening of thallium
nitrate for induction of mitotic gene coversion and reverse mutation in the
yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Singh, 1983). Thallium nitrate produced
negative effects on cell division in S. cerevisiae and E. coli. (Loveless et
al., 1954). Cytotoxic levels (1000 ug/mL) of thallium acetate caused
depressed DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Garrett and Lewtas,
1983). Single-strand DNA breaks occurred in mouse and rat embryo fibroblasts
exposed to thallium carbonate at E-6 to E-4M (Zasukhina et al., 1983).
Thallium carbonate (0.5-0.005 ug/kg/day) was positive in a dominant lethal
test in male white rats (Zasukhina et al., 1983).
__II.B. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATE OF CARCINOGENIC RISK FROM ORAL EXPOSURE
None.
__II.C. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATE OF CARCINOGENIC RISK FROM INHALATION EXPOSURE
None.
__II.D. EPA DOCUMENTATION, REVIEW, AND CONTACTS (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
___II.D.1. EPA DOCUMENTATION
Source Document -- U.S. EPA, 1988
The 1988 Health and Environmental Effects Document for Thallium and Compounds
is a preliminary draft and has not received Agency review.
___II.D.2. REVIEW (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
Agency Work Group Review -- 11/08/1989
Verification Date -- 11/08/1989
___II.D.3. U.S. EPA CONTACTS (CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT)
Please contact the Risk Information Hotline for all questions concerning this
assessment or IRIS, in general, at (513)569-7254 (phone), (513)569-7159 (FAX)
or RIH.IRIS@EPAMAIL.EPA.GOV (internet address).
_VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
Last Revised -- 08/01/1993
__VI.A. ORAL RfD REFERENCES
Not available at this time
__VI.B. INHALATION RfC REFERENCES
None
__VI.C. CARCINOGENICITY ASSESSMENT REFERENCES
Garrett, N.E. and J. Lewtas. 1983. Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster
ovary cell cultures. I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine
priority pollutants. Environ. Res. 32: 455-465.
Kada, T., K. Hirano and Y. Shirasu. 1980. Screening of environmental
chemical mutagens by the Rec-assay system with Bacillus subtilis. In:
Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection, F. deSerrres
and A. Hollaender, Ed. 6: 149-173.
Kanematsu, N., M. Hara and T. Kada. 1980. Rec assay and mutagenicity
studies on metal compounds. Mutat. Res. 77: 109-116.
Loveless, L.E., E. Spoerl and T.H. Weisman. 1954. A survey of effects of
chemicals on division and growth of yeast and Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.
68: 637-644.
Marcus, R.L. 1985. Investigation of a working population exposed to
thallium. J. Soc. Occup. Med. 35(1): 4-9.
Schaller, K.H., G. Manke, H.J. Raithel, G. Buhlmeyer, M. Schmidt and H.
Valentin. 1980. Investigations of thallium-exposed workers in cement
factories. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 47(3): 223-231.
Singh, I. 1983. Induction of reverse mutation and mitotic gene conversion
by some metal compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 117:
149-152.
U.S. EPA. 1988. Health and Environmental Effects Document for Thallium and
Compounds. Prepared by the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
Cincinnati, OH, for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, DC.
Zasukhina, G.D., I.M. Vasilyeva, N.I. Sdirkova, et al. 1983. Mutagenic
effect of thallium and mercury salts on rodent cells with different repair
activities. Mutat. Res. 124(2): 163-173.
_VII. REVISION HISTORY
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
-------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------
Date Section Description
-------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------
03/31/1987 I.A.6. Documentation corrected
06/30/1988 I.A. RfD withdrawn
09/07/1988 I.A. Revised oral RfD summary added
05/01/1989 I.A. Oral RfD summary noted as pending change
06/01/1989 I.A.6. Work group review dates revised
06/01/1989 I.A.7. Secondary contact changed
09/01/1990 I.A. Text edited
09/01/1990 II. Carcinogen assessment on-line
09/01/1990 IV.F.1. EPA contact changed
09/01/1990 VI. Bibliography on-line
08/01/1991 VI.C. Kada et al. citation corrected
01/01/1992 IV. Regulatory actions updated
08/01/1993 I.A. Withdrawn; inadequate data
08/01/1993 I.A. Work group review date added
08/01/1993 I.A. EPA contact changed
08/01/1993 VI.A. Oral RfD references withdrawn
07/01/1996 I.A. Contact changed
VIII. SYNONYMS
Substance Name -- Thallium selenite
CASRN -- 12039-52-0
Last Revised -- 01/31/1987
12039-52-0
RCRA WASTE NUMBER P114
THALLIUM MONOSELENIDE
THALLIUM SELENIDE
Thallium selenite
Last updated: 5 May 1998
URL: http://www.epa.gov/iris/SUBST/0115.HTM
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